A fern was a type of plant found on various planets, including Earth.
In 2269, while searching for a missing James T. Kirk and Spock on Argo, Montgomery Scott traced them to a fern bed thanks to a directional marker. (TAS: "The Ambergris Element")
In 2381, Doctor T'Ana and Lieutenant jg Sam Rutherford collected aquatic ferns from a cave on Balkus 9. The ferns contained molecular fungo-sites used to treat Porgian swamp rash. (LD: "Caves")