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The Secret World: A History of Intelligence Paperback – September 10, 2019
Purchase options and add-ons
- Print length960 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherYale University Press
- Publication dateSeptember 10, 2019
- Dimensions5.7 x 2.1 x 8.9 inches
- ISBN-100300248296
- ISBN-13978-0300248296
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Those comments should not detract from the overall excellence of this book. Just illustrating with numerous examples that there are a large number of steps between the collection of intelligence and putting the information to good use makes the book worthwhile. As Andrew's historical review shows, time after time, national leaders who have a preconceived notion of what they want intelligence to find are especially likely to ignore any information to the contrary. When they do, the outcome is often disastrous.
I think I can sum up the basics by saying that there will always be someone whom can profit by knowing and sharing
State secrets and an intelligence service must be aware and constantly alert.
A well-written, easy to follow story.
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Der Autor schafft es, komplexe Themen verständlich zu machen und verwebt historische Fakten mit spannenden Erzählungen, die das Buch zu einem echten Pageturner machen. Die Tiefe und Breite der behandelten Themen sind beeindruckend und zeigen die Bedeutung und Auswirkungen von Geheimdiensttätigkeiten auf die Weltgeschichte.
Insgesamt ist "The Secret World" ein unverzichtbares Werk für Geschichtsinteressierte und alle, die einen tiefen Einblick in die geheimen Machtstrukturen unserer Welt gewinnen möchten. Ein wahrhaft empfehlenswertes Buch!
At the time where Roman generals relied on oracles to make strategic decisions, the Chinese general Sun Tzu wrote “The art of war” theorizing the use of secret information and spies for gaining advantage and making decisions in war. Julius Caesar, the most successful of Roman generals, relied on spies to get information on its enemies and used ciphers to ensure the secrecy of his messages.
One of the roles of intelligence is to unmask the enemies of the state. It developed in the Christian countries of Europe, where the Inquisition was created to unmask the heretics and obtain confessions with methods that were to later inspire the NKVD and the Gestapo.
But the real scientific bases of intelligence were established, during the Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad, by mathematician and philosopher Al-Kindi who established the mathematical bases of cryptanalysis, the deciphering of coded messages.
From there on, intelligence would rely on information received from spies (human intelligence) and information extracted from stolen coded messages (signal intelligence). Following the reformation, intelligence was developed rapidly in England and France, to be used in the religious wars. The theoretical grounds of modern intelligence were established during that period. Walsingham, prime minister of Elisabeth I, relied very much on his talented code breakers, to gain information and defeat the invasion of the Spanish Armada. Walsingham, was not adverse to fabricating intelligence when needed to achieve his objectives, for example, the death sentence against Mary Stuart. Many would later follow his example. Leading Cambridge mathematicians played a decisive role in providing intelligence during the long British civil wars. It was a period that saw many theoretical developments, but deciphering remained an art as much as a science. In France, Cardinal Richelieu saw to the development and use of intelligence to help reduce the last protestant and English strongholds in France. Richelieu also saw to the development of the “cabinet noir” to systematically spy on the citizens and unmask enemies of the state. All the other European countries would follow his example.
Interestingly, after the defeat of the Spanish armada, the Royal Navy had an abysmal record on using intelligence all the way to the end of WWI. Informed by spies of French shipments to the Americans during the war of independence, they failed to intercept one single French ship. Nelson whose fleet was stationed in Naples did not receive news of Napoleon’s sailing to Egypt until it was too late to intercept the French expedition. He later destroyed the French Fleet anyway. The indecisive result of the battle of Jutland was due to a collection of errors by RN’s intelligence who advised Admiral Jellicoe that the German fleet had not left port when they already had, and then failed to advise him on the route followed by the retreating Germans.
The development in radio and cable communications together with theoretical developments in deciphering provided many new opportunities for intelligence collection in the XX century. Remained the question of how to use it. Many anecdotes illustrate the failure of political and military leaders to use rationally the intelligence that they receive. The intelligence community must share the blame as it often feeds only to political leaders the information that their want to hear. The case of Stalin’s refusal to listen to warnings from many agents of the impending German attack is well known as is the failure of US military to take precautions before Pearl Harbor. US intelligence read the Japanese diplomatic messages and knew that Japan was readying for war and that their navy was at sea ready to strike but expected (hoped?) the attack to be directed only on Singapore and the Dutch West Indies. During WWII, German intelligence was a total failure: they only and repeatedly swallowed British disinformation, hook, sinker, and line.
Intelligence and counter-intelligence, as well as covert actions, played a crucial role in the cold war. The NKVD, later KGB, often got the upper hand because they had deeply penetrated the West’s intelligence networks. The KGB was ruthless, never forgetting or forgiving an agent who had betrayed, but never forgetting or abandoning their people, and always bringing them back home for comfortable (by Soviet standards) retirement.
The main development during WWII had been the success of Bletchley Park’s team in breaking the German Enigma code thanks to the work of mathematicians and mostly the introduction of the computer in cryptanalysis. With the ever increasing computer power, given sufficient time there is no code that cannot be broken. Cryptanalysis has changed forever, but the interpretation of intelligence has not changed much: it remains an art at which very few people are good!
The author sets out to both create a broad a history of intelligence and link how intelligence and it's understanding has influenced political decisions. Whether it was a cipher decrypt in the Victorian era, the Grand Fleet knowing the positions of the High Fleet in World War 1 or the US knowing what % price reduction a partner country would go to on an international trade deal, intelligence is illustrated to have played a key role in influencing perceptions and action.
The book sticks rigorously to known facts and documented accounts, and this includes when the picture wasn't rosy; intelligence being ignored or misinterpreted because proud policy makers didn't understand it, or actions being hampered by several intelligence agencies within the same government competing and not talking to one and other. It really makes you think about how perception affects action.
My one criticism is that the writing style is languid and slow in places; repeatedly the author follows a very Old-Etonian style where the introduction to a paragraph repeats all the points in the previous; without this duplication the book could have been 1/3 shorter. However, it's a unique archive and a worthwhile read.