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504 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 2007
We imagined this study as a beginning rather than an end. We hoped that it would engage the curiosity of other scholars about topics that do not yet have a history, despite their leading role in creating modern science: the forms and requirements of collective empiricism, the ways in which scientific experience is molded by image-making and image-reading, the entanglement of epistemology and ethos in epistemic virtues, the mutations of the scientific self, the mesh between the most concrete image-making practices and the most abstract epistemological goals. (p. 6)
All epistemology begins in fear—fear that the world is too labyrinthine to be threaded by reason; fear that the senses are too feeble and the intellect too frail; fear that memory fades, even between adjacent steps of a mathematical demonstration; fear that authority and convention blind; fear that God may keep secrets or demons deceive. Objectivity is a chapter in this history of intellectual fear, of errors anxiously anticipated and precautions taken. But the fear objectivity addresses is different from and deeper than the others. The threat is not external—a complex world, a mysterious God, a devious demon. Nor is it the corrigible fear of senses that can be strengthened by a telescope or microscope or memory that can be buttressed by written aids. Individual steadfastness against the prevailing opinion is no help against it, because it is the individual who is suspect.
Objectivity fears subjectivity, the core self. Descartes could discount the testimony of the senses because sensation did not belong to the core self as he conceived it, res cogitans. Bacon believed that the ideals of the cave, those intellectual failings that stemmed from individual upbringing and predilection, could be corrected by the proper countermeasures, as a tree bent the wrong way could be straightened. But there is no getting rid of, no counterbalancing post-Kantian subjectivity. Subjectivity is the precondition for knowledge: the self who knows.