Jumli or Jumli Khas (Jumli-Devanagari: जुम्ली खस) is an Indo-Aryan language of Nepal closely related to Nepali. It is primarily spoken in Jumla district and surroundings district in the Karnali Province of Nepal.[citation needed] The language is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Nepali; however, the Government of Nepal considers Jumli as a different language. The numbers of native speakers estimated 40,000.[3][4] The Khas language is known as the parent language of Nepali language.
| Jumli Khas | |
|---|---|
| जुम्ली खस | |
 The word "Jumli Khas" written in Jumli-Devanagari script | |
| Native to | Nepal |
| Region | Himalayas |
Native speakers | 40,000[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Devanagari (Jumli alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Nepal
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jml |
| Glottolog | juml1238 |
 Jumli speaking areas | |
Dialects
edit- Asi Darali, spoken in 80 Dara, 500 Dara and Sinja Dara of Jumla district.
- Tribikoti, spoken in 1420 Dara of Jumla district and Dolpa District.
- Rasakoti, spoken in Kalikot District.
- Muhu, spoken in Mugu District and Humla District.[5]
Script
editJumli Khas language uses the Devanagari script.
History
editKhas language is considered to be the parent language of Nepali. The language is considered to developed in Sinja Valley of Karnali province.[6]
2017 Proposed Phonology
editOn 17 August 2017, a draft regarding 'Jumli Khas language writing style' was proposed. The draft proposed 29 consonants and 6 vowels for writing the language. According to Ramanand Acharya, a linguist and editor of the Jumli Khas dictionary, the proposed draft was prepared based on the Khas language and colloquial language and vernacular spoken in the then Karnali Khas Kingdom.[7] However, on 15 August 2022, the Language Commission of Nepal finalized a phonology with 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters.
Vowels
editUnlike Nepali, Jumli Khas only have 6 oral vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ʌ | ||
| Open | a |
Consonants
edit| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨म⟩ | n ⟨न⟩ | ŋ ⟨ङ⟩ | ||||||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | unaspirated | p ⟨प⟩ | t ⟨त⟩ | t͡s ⟨च⟩ | ʈ ⟨ट⟩ | k ⟨क⟩ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨फ⟩ | tʰ ⟨थ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨छ⟩ | ʈʰ ⟨ठ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ख⟩ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b ⟨ब⟩ | d ⟨द⟩ | d͡z ⟨ज⟩ | ɖ ⟨ड⟩ | ɡ ⟨ग⟩ | |||
| aspirated | bʱ ⟨भ⟩ | dʱ ⟨ध⟩ | d͡zʱ ⟨झ⟩ | ɖʱ ⟨ढ⟩ | ɡʱ ⟨घ⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | s ⟨स⟩ | ɦ ⟨ह⟩ | |||||||
| Rhotic | r ⟨र⟩ | ||||||||
| Approximant | (w ⟨व⟩) | l ⟨ल⟩ | (j ⟨य⟩) | ||||||
The standard record regarding the grammar and vocabulary was not collected and standardized as of 2022.[6] On 15 August 2022, at the initiative of the local government, the Language Commission started the process of documenting and archiving the language.[8] According to proposal, 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters were finalized for developing writing system of the language.[9]
Present status
editIn 2020, twenty-eight schools in Tatopani Rural Municipality of Jumla District started teaching in Jumli Khas language.[10]
Dictionary
editIn 2008, Ramanand Acharya started compiling the first ever Jumli Khas Dictionary titled Khasiya Akhar.[11] Khas means Khas people and Aakhar means word or a letter. As of 2019, he had collected around 25 thousands words. The collection process has been at a slow rate due to lack of funding.[12] The Karnali Province government allocated funds for the process in the budget of the fiscal year 2077/2078 BS (2020/2021).[13]
References
edit- ^ "Jumli". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 23 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" (PDF). Language Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ "Jumli". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. Retrieved 23 December 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Census Nepal 2021". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "जुम्ली शब्दकोश अधुरै". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ a b "भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन". भाषा आयोगको लापरबाही : जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेख नै छैन. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ संवाददाता, केन्द्रबिन्दु. "'खस जुम्ली भाषा लेखनशैली'को प्रस्तावित मस्यौदा निर्माण". kendrabindu.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ कालिकोट, ललित विष्ट. "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखीकरण गर्ने तयारी". nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "जुम्ली खस भाषाको अभिलेखिकरण गरिँदै". Nepal Press. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "Teaching and learning in Khas language". रेडियो नेपाल. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "Jumli dictionary of Khas language being created". Setopati. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "लेखिँदै जुम्ली खस शब्दकोश". Kharibot (in Nepali). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
- ^ "लेखिने भयो 'खसिया आखर'". लेखिने भयो ‘खसिया आखर’. Retrieved 2022-11-02.