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Solar eclipse of April 25, 1865

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Tuesday, April 25, 1865, with a magnitude of 1.0584. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 1.2 days after perigee (on April 24, 1865, at 9:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[1]

Solar eclipse of April 25, 1865
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma−0.4826
Magnitude1.0584
Maximum eclipse
Duration323 s (5 min 23 s)
Coordinates14°48′S 25°48′W / 14.8°S 25.8°W / -14.8; -25.8
Max. width of band219 km (136 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse14:08:34
References
Saros136 (29 of 71)
Catalog # (SE5000)9199

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Angola, Zambia, and extreme northwestern Mozambique. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for much of South America, Antarctica, and Africa.

Observations

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The total eclipse was also witnessed by the passengers and crew of the SS Great Britain, passing the coastline of Brazil en route from Australia to England;[2][better source needed] they were able to observe stars in the daytime.

Eclipse details

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Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[3]

April 25, 1865 Solar Eclipse Times
Event Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact 1865 April 25 at 11:37:22.8 UTC
First Umbral External Contact 1865 April 25 at 12:36:28.9 UTC
First Central Line 1865 April 25 at 12:37:48.3 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact 1865 April 25 at 12:39:07.9 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction 1865 April 25 at 13:56:13.5 UTC
Greatest Eclipse 1865 April 25 at 14:08:34.2 UTC
Greatest Duration 1865 April 25 at 14:10:32.0 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction 1865 April 25 at 14:13:31.6 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact 1865 April 25 at 15:38:11.0 UTC
Last Central Line 1865 April 25 at 15:39:29.2 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact 1865 April 25 at 15:40:47.2 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact 1865 April 25 at 16:39:54.1 UTC
April 25, 1865 Solar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.05844
Eclipse Obscuration 1.12029
Gamma −0.48262
Sun Right Ascension 02h12m14.0s
Sun Declination +13°18'55.3"
Sun Semi-Diameter 15'53.1"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.7"
Moon Right Ascension 02h12m42.7s
Moon Declination +12°50'29.9"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'34.0"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 1°00'47.9"
ΔT 5.6 s

Eclipse season

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See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of April 1865
April 11
Ascending node (full moon)
 April 25
Descending node (new moon)
 
Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 110		 Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 136
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Eclipses in 1865

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Solar Saros 136

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Inex

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Triad

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Solar eclipses of 1862–1866

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This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[4]

The partial solar eclipses on June 27, 1862 and December 21, 1862 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on March 16, 1866 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1862 to 1866
Ascending node   Descending node
Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma
111 November 21, 1862
 
Partial 		−1.5052 116 May 17, 1863
 
Partial 		1.0627
121 November 11, 1863
 
Annular 		−0.8760 126 May 6, 1864
 
Hybrid 		0.2622
131 October 30, 1864
 
Annular 		−0.1816 136 April 25, 1865
 
Total 		−0.4826
141 October 19, 1865
 
Annular 		0.5366 146 April 15, 1866
 
Partial 		−1.1846
151 October 8, 1866
 
Partial 		1.2296

Saros 136

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This eclipse is a part of Saros series 136, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 71 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on June 14, 1360. It contains annular eclipses from September 8, 1504 through November 12, 1594; hybrid eclipses from November 22, 1612 through January 17, 1703; and total eclipses from January 27, 1721 through May 13, 2496. The series ends at member 71 as a partial eclipse on July 30, 2622. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 9 at 32 seconds on September 8, 1504, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 34 at 7 minutes, 7.74 seconds on June 20, 1955. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit.[5]

Series members 26–47 occur between 1801 and 2200:
26 27 28
 
March 24, 1811 		 
April 3, 1829 		 
April 15, 1847
29 30 31
 
April 25, 1865 		 
May 6, 1883 		 
May 18, 1901
32 33 34
 
May 29, 1919 		 
June 8, 1937 		 
June 20, 1955
35 36 37
 
June 30, 1973 		 
July 11, 1991 		 
July 22, 2009
38 39 40
 
August 2, 2027 		 
August 12, 2045 		 
August 24, 2063
41 42 43
 
September 3, 2081 		 
September 14, 2099 		 
September 26, 2117
44 45 46
 
October 7, 2135 		 
October 17, 2153 		 
October 29, 2171
47
 
November 8, 2189

Metonic series

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The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.

25 eclipse events between February 12, 1812 and September 18, 1895
February 11–12 November 30–December 1 September 17–19 July 7–8 April 25–26
108 110 112 114 116
 
February 12, 1812 		 
September 19, 1819 		 
July 8, 1823 		 
April 26, 1827
118 120 122 124 126
 
February 12, 1831 		 
November 30, 1834 		 
September 18, 1838 		 
July 8, 1842 		 
April 25, 1846
128 130 132 134 136
 
February 12, 1850 		 
November 30, 1853 		 
September 18, 1857 		 
July 8, 1861 		 
April 25, 1865
138 140 142 144 146
 
February 11, 1869 		 
November 30, 1872 		 
September 17, 1876 		 
July 7, 1880 		 
April 25, 1884
148 150 152
 
February 11, 1888 		 
December 1, 1891 		 
September 18, 1895

Tritos series

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This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

The partial solar eclipses on December 7, 2170 (part of Saros 164) and November 7, 2181 (part of Saros 165) are also a part of this series but are not included in the table below.

Series members between 1801 and 2105
 
September 28, 1810
(Saros 131) 		 
August 27, 1821
(Saros 132) 		 
July 27, 1832
(Saros 133) 		 
June 27, 1843
(Saros 134) 		 
May 26, 1854
(Saros 135)
 
April 25, 1865
(Saros 136) 		 
March 25, 1876
(Saros 137) 		 
February 22, 1887
(Saros 138) 		 
January 22, 1898
(Saros 139) 		 
December 23, 1908
(Saros 140)
 
November 22, 1919
(Saros 141) 		 
October 21, 1930
(Saros 142) 		 
September 21, 1941
(Saros 143) 		 
August 20, 1952
(Saros 144) 		 
July 20, 1963
(Saros 145)
 
June 20, 1974
(Saros 146) 		 
May 19, 1985
(Saros 147) 		 
April 17, 1996
(Saros 148) 		 
March 19, 2007
(Saros 149) 		 
February 15, 2018
(Saros 150)
 
January 14, 2029
(Saros 151) 		 
December 15, 2039
(Saros 152) 		 
November 14, 2050
(Saros 153) 		 
October 13, 2061
(Saros 154) 		 
September 12, 2072
(Saros 155)
 
August 13, 2083
(Saros 156) 		 
July 12, 2094
(Saros 157) 		 
June 12, 2105
(Saros 158)

Inex series

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This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
 
June 6, 1807
(Saros 134) 		 
May 15, 1836
(Saros 135) 		 
April 25, 1865
(Saros 136)
 
April 6, 1894
(Saros 137) 		 
March 17, 1923
(Saros 138) 		 
February 25, 1952
(Saros 139)
 
February 4, 1981
(Saros 140) 		 
January 15, 2010
(Saros 141) 		 
December 26, 2038
(Saros 142)
 
December 6, 2067
(Saros 143) 		 
November 15, 2096
(Saros 144) 		 
October 26, 2125
(Saros 145)
 
October 7, 2154
(Saros 146) 		 
September 16, 2183
(Saros 147)

References

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  1. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Brunel's SS Great Britain on Instagram: "#OTD in 1865 passengers witnessed a Solar Eclipse. 🌘 "Total eclipse of the sun, a clear sky and stars seen in daytime" - diary extract (author unknown) . . . #SSGreatBritain #SolarEclipse #Museum #Victorian #Brunel #Bristol #History"". Instagram. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  3. ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1865 Apr 25". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  4. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  5. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 136". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
 
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