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Nagaland
  Patsho speaking region
  Other Nagas tribal languages

Patsho Khiamniungan or colloquially Patsho Nyu is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in North Eastern parts of India in the state of Nagaland, Noklak district. It also refers to the people living in the district mostly inhibiting the western part, that of Patsho range, southern part i.e. Thuonoknyu administrative circle and sparingly all over Noklak. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village. The language is widely known who are native to Noklak district and parts of Myanmar.

Grammar

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Patsho Khiamniungan word order is subject-object-verb: "I-subject him-object see-verb." Subjects (especially I and you) are often omitted if these are clear from the context.

Patsho has postpositions instead of prepositions: like hui khem or jam khem, "bridge below" or "house below" respectively instead of "below the house."

Patsho people or Khiamniungans refer to each other rather in terms like elder brother, elder sister, younger sibling, uncle, aunt, grandmother, grandfather, manager, teacher etc. than by using the straight word like you even if this person is actually not. The other common words used daily are the words "pie" for the male and "wu-ai" for female is such a humble and polite reference to someone either close or strangers, especially among younger people. Those two completed word form would be "pienie" and "wuynie". Additionally, it's not uncommon to refer to yourself by using such an expression ( example: "[I] Father will cook you a nice dinner." Which feels like saying "This or myself father will...").

To keep in mind that the word for older brother is simply "tei" or "teihai", while the word for older sister is "nou" or "nouhai". The word for the younger ones is simply neu or neuhai for both male or female.

Pronunciation guide

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Vowels

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There are six vowels in Patsho

Consonant

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Patsho Khiamniungan vowels
Small letters a e i o u ü
a
like 'a' in 'father',

(IPA: a, a̯)

e
like 'e' in 'bed'

(IPA: e, ɛ, ɛ̯)

i
like 'ee' in 'beet'

(IPA: i, i̯)

o
like 'o' in 'orange' or 'author'

(IPA: o, o̯)

u
like 'oo' in 'hoop', 'look' in open positions or like 'o' in 'hope' in close positions, such as in final 'uh' and 'uk' combinations.

(IPA: u, ʊ, u̯)

ü
like in 'banana'.

(IPA: ə, ɜ̯)

Consonant

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Patsho Khiamniungan consonant
Small letters ch h j k kh l m n ng ny p ph s sh t th ts tsh v w y

There are 21 consonants, which are all pronounce with the letter vowel ü like the sound found in the word 'banana'(IPA: bəˈnɑː.nə) . So, to exemplify, the letter ch or h should be pronounced chü, or respectively.

Written language

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Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters. Some letters are combined to form a letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate., but there is tsh as one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho. Another example could be kh and ng both found in the word Khiamniungan.

Patsho Khiamniungan Alphabet
Capital letters a ch e h i j k kh l m n ng ny o p ph s sh t th ts tsh u ü v w y
IPA a tʃʰ e ɛ ɛ̯ h i k l m n ŋ ɲ o p ʃ ʃʰ t ts tsʰ u ʊ ə ɜ̯ v w j

Phrase list

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Common signs
OPEN
(shuap or ashup)
CLOSED
(kiap or akiap)
ENTRANCE
(khoukha)
EXIT
(ashui)
PUSH
(thoui or athoui)
PULL
(ta or ata)
TOILET
(khuam jam)
MEN
(mielou hoi)
WOMEN
(mienyu hoi)
FORBIDDEN
(kiapvaih or kiapteu)


hǖhêi(huhei)(IPA: /hə³³.hɛ̯i⁵²/).
Hello.

Used at the initial phone calls or during meeting or visit someone.

Shâu-òh nyîvâ kǜ jǖnòi*(IPA: /ʃɑu⁵²-ɒʔ³¹.ɲɪ⁵²vɑ⁵². kə³¹.tʃə³³nɒɪ³¹/)

who knows.

A rhetorical statement uttered to show that the person uttering it neither knows the answer nor knows who might. Nong tikü naih tsak nü-e, tikü naih memtsho. Shâu-òh nyîvâ kǜ jǖnòi It could be one or the other, or both. Who knows

Local terms.

Basic vocabulary
Patsho Khiamniungan English Sentence Patsho Khiamniungan English
Theumei Thank You Theumei, nyo-oh ei tah pautsang kiuh jünü theutho. Thank you for taking care of me.
Amei hüni? How are you?
Amei. I am fine.
Khiam Water Jujie liang kü Khiam nü thingkeuh tsak asheu kiuh. Please bring a cup of water
Tshih (cooked) rice Tshih hielouh va mou Have you eaten lunch/dinner(meal)
Ngouh (nyieh) fish (meat)
Veu (nyieh) chicken (meat) Jüsa toh Veu nyieh kie hie nye. We have eaten chicken curry.
Yoh (nyieh) pork (meat)
Jang (nyieh) beef (meat)
Uo (nyieh) mutton (meat)
Kie (nyieh-kie sang o) dish (meat/vegetable)
Sang-o (kie sang-o) vegetable
Naga chum lentils
Tsem salt
Lutsoutsoh (Chauchau ko) less
Püiuh chilli
Shua Distribute Jujie lianko ashua kiuh shi Please give again (serve again).
Teitsoh enough, stop, completed Teitsoh, nyü chishi ko Let's stop working
Khiam nü asheu kiuh. Please give water.
kiuh give or serve Tshih nü akhem kiuh. Please give food (rice).
Sngewbha ai jyntah seh Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat.
Atei euh je? What do you want?
Atei? What?
Avaih? Atei naih-oh? When?
Atei le? Where?
Atei ali? How?
Asheuh amei. Good Night.
aleuh where(how) Shiemong le aleuh oh phu je? How(from where) do I go to Shiemong?
ateisoh? how much? Nongni ateitsoh mai no? What's(how much) the price of this?
mei good or happy Mei kü lü-iu. Happy journey.
mongling happy Mongling kü anoi. Stay happy.


Numbers

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Counting words

When counting objects, words use in Patsho are simply spoken by adding the numerals. For example, "two beers" is thing ming-lümieh, where lümieh is "two" and ming means "bottle". But when asking for single item, adding the word "pioho" (which means alone, only), sounds accurate. For example, "Thing ming-tsak pioho" equivalent "one beer only".

Counting things or people.

anie (IPA: /a³³niɛ̯⁵⁵/)
used to refer to addressees whom are two in number. It is a pronoun, second person plural in absolutive case.
asheuh or sheuh
which means them, third person plural in absolutive case.
asü
meaning, you or you all. It is second person plural in absolutive case, used to refer to addressees whom are more than two in number. (applicable only to person not things)
tsi
which means we, first person dual in ergative case; referring to speakers; the objective case of we. (applicable only to person not things)
hoi (IPA: /hoi̯⁵⁵/)
refers to group of people. Also modified the sentences into plural by just adding after noun. For example, "Khunou hoi", literally Khunou's group.
hai
(IPA: /hai̯⁵⁵/). It is an agentive nominaliser that is Verb. It derives agentive nouns from verbs and other nouns, that expresses singular as well as plural number.
Numerals Hauvi Tone(Shangliak) IPA
0 wa wa³¹
1 tsak tsāk tsak³³
2 lümih lǖmīeh lə³³ mɪʔ³³
3 sümieh sǖmīeh sə³³ mɪəʔ³³
4 pülie pǖlīe pə³³ lɪə³³
5 müngou mǖngōu mə³³.ŋɒu³³
6 lüvok lǖvòk lə³³.vɒk³³
7 tshünyieh tshūnyìeh tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
8 püjeih pǖjèih pə³³ tʃɛʔ³³
9 lükau lǖkàu lə³³ kɒu³³
10 tshie tshìe tsʰɪɛ³³
20 khei khèi kʰɛɪ³¹
30 ausam āusám ɑu³³sɑm⁵⁵
40 aupülie àupǜlīe au̯³¹pə³¹liɛ̯³³
50 aumüngou àumǜngōu au̯³¹məŋ³¹ou̯³³
60 aulüvok àulǜvòk au̯³¹lə³¹vok³²
70 autshienyieh àutshǜnyìeh au̯³¹tsʰə³¹ɲiɛ̯ʔ³²
80 aupüjeh àupǜjèih au̯³¹pə³¹tʃɛi̯ʔ³²
90 aulükau àulǜkàu au̯³¹lə³¹lau̯³¹
100 tsum tsak tsūm tsāk tsum³³.tsak³³
200 tsum lümieh tsūm lǖmīeh tsum³³.lə³³ mɪʔ³³
300 tsum sümieh tsūm sǖmīeh tsum³³.sə³³ mɪəʔ³³
400 tsum pülie tsūm pǖlīe tsum³³.pə³³.lɪə³³
500 tsum müngou tsūm mǖngōu tsum³³.mə³³.ŋɒu³³
600 tsum lüvok tsūm lǖvòk tsum³³.lə³³.vɒk³³
700 tsum tshünyieh tsūm tshūnyìeh tsum³³.tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³
800 tsum püjeih tsūm pǖjèih tsum³³. pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³
900 tsum lükau tsūm lǖkàu tsum³³.lə³³.kɒu³³
1000 ka tsak ká tsāk ka⁵⁵.tsak³³
10,000 ka tshie ká tshīe ka⁵⁵.tsʰɪɛ³³
100,000 tsang tsak Tsāng tsāk tsaŋ³³.tsak³³
10000000 pei tsak péi tsāk pei⁵⁵.tsak³³
1000000000 iuh tsak ìuh tsāk iu³¹ʔ.tsak³³
100000000000 em tsak ēm tsāk em³³.tsak³³
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